However, to avoid applying too much nitrogen, use these products only to make gradual changes to the soil pH. This is an unfortunate characteristic of soils in some parts of Wisconsin. 13 | Top 5 Simple Solutions for Fall. Potassium chloride, KCl, is a naturally occurring potassium salt that, aside from its use as fertilizer, is also a raw material for the production of other important potassium compounds. This method of delivering potassium iodide doesn't require a method to weigh out the potassium iodide, thus allowing it to be used in an emergency situation. Liquid potassium and NaK both are more reactive than liquid sodium with air and oxygen. For reasons noted above, therapeutic drops of SSKI, or 130mg tablets of KI as used for nuclear fission accidents, are not used as nutritional supplements, since an SSKI drop or nuclear-emergency tablet provides 300 to 700 times more iodine than the daily adult nutritional requirement. Don't forget to follow us @INN_Resource for real-time news updates! In food products, potassium hydroxide acts as a food thickener, pH control agent and food stabilizer. The patches appear near the centers of the leaves and eventually spread to the outer margins. [18] The nickelmetal hydride batteries in the Toyota Prius use a mixture of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. Unsurprisingly, many investors are wondering what potash is and how they can gain exposure to the potash market. Potassium iodide cannot protect against any other mechanisms of radiation poisoning, nor can it provide any degree of protection against dirty bombs that produce radionuclides other than those of iodine. "[43], The development of thyroid cancer among residents in the North Pacific from radioactive fallout following the United States' nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s (on islands nearly 200 miles downwind of the tests) were instrumental in the 1978 decision by the FDA to issue a request for the availability of KI for thyroid protection in the event of a release from a commercial nuclear power plant or weapons-related nuclear incident. Potassium Permanganate (KMnO 4) is an inorganic chemical compound. Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) is an inorganic chemical compound. The spaces between leaf nodes will also grow unusually small, giving the leaves an appearance of being tightly packed. Potassium iodide finds its most important applications in organic synthesis mainly in the preparation of aryl iodides in the Sandmeyer reaction, starting from aryl amines. Keep in mind however, that many fertilizer products such as potassium sulfate and gypsum will not effectively reduce soil pH. Feedback, questions or accessibility issues: Growing and Caring for Plants in Wisconsin: Foundations in Gardening, Plant Diagnostics: The Step-by-Step Approach to Identifying Plant Problems, Avoiding WinterSaltInjury on your Landscape Plants, Preparing the vegetable garden for winter. We teach, learn, lead and serve, connecting people with the University of Wisconsin, and engaging with them in transforming lives and communities. Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article. Tablets of potassium iodide are supplied for emergency purposes related to blockade of radioiodine uptake, a common form of radiation poisoning due to environmental contamination by the short-lived fission product 131I. "[39], Chernobyl also demonstrated that the need to protect the thyroid from radiation was greater than expected. 6. [20], In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved potassium iodide to protect thyroid glands from radioactive iodine involving accidents or fission emergencies. A liquid seaweed foliar feeding provides immediate results. The advantage of elemental sulfur is that it is more economical, particularly if a large area is to be treated. Suspect your potato patch and other acidic areas as candidates for molybdenum shortages. Potassium iodide is a component in the electrolyte of dye sensitised solar cells (DSSC) along with iodine. [13] Potassium iodate (KIO3) is used to iodize some salts so that the iodine is not lost by oxidation. KMnO4 acts as a very powerful oxidizing agent in acidic, neutral and alkaline media. Stems of tomato plants that lack calcium feel soft to the touch, and fruits exhibit blossom-end rot. Lower molecular-weight alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and propanols are also excellent solvents. Curled carrot leaves indicate a potassium deficiency, especially when a below-ground inspection reveals stunted, misshapen carrots that have an off flavor. [10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Potassium iodide is a possible teratogen. Potassium reacts with carbon monoxide at temperatures as low as 60 C (140 F) to form an explosive carbonyl (K6C6O6), a derivative of hexahydroxybenzene. An EEO/AA employer, University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension provides equal opportunities in employment and programming, including Title VI, Title IX, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act requirements. Investing News Network websites or approved third-party tools use cookies. "[18], With the passage of time, people living in irradiated areas where KI was not available have developed thyroid cancer at epidemic levels, which is why the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported "The data clearly demonstrate the risks of thyroid radiation KI can be used [to] provide safe and effective protection against thyroid cancer caused by irradiation. Then I gather all the compost I can spare, and encircle each plant with a few inches of mulch. The next secondary element that you should familiarize yourself with is magnesium. With pure water, the concentration of KI in the solution depends only on the temperature. A saturated solution of KI (SSKI) is typically given orally in adult doses several times a day (5 drops of SSKI assumed to be .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}13mL) for thyroid blockade (to prevent the thyroid from excreting thyroid hormone) and occasionally this dose is also used, when iodide is used as an expectorant (the total dose is about one gram KI per day for an adult). The yellowing and mottling of older leaves beginning near the bases of plants and plants that appear weak and spindly signal a nitrogen deficiency possibly caused by a lack of molybdenum. The entire plant dwarfs and lacks blossoms and fruits. All in all, 95 percent of the world's potash supply is used to grow food. The potash market certainly remains exposed to further disruption to production into 2023, and could see supply tighten quickly if demand recovers rapidly from its current lull, Humphrey Knight, potash principal analyst at CRU, told the Investing News Network. Potassium hydroxide, SIDS Initial Assessment Report For SIAM 13. Potassium permanganate is commercially prepared by mixing solution of KOH and powdered manganese oxide, with oxidizing agents like potassium chlorate. According to the US Geological Survey's latest data on potash, global output came in at 46 million metric tons (MT) in 2021 and consumption sat at 45 million MT. Read on to find out more about potash investing, and whether it may fit into your portfolio. Plants lacking copper develop a condition known in the Northeast as withertip. Soil pH can be reduced most effectively by adding elemental sulfur, aluminum sulfate or sulfuric acid. Particularly susceptible to molybdenum shortages are many of the brassicas (broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, etc.) It is considered as a strong oxidizing agent and does not produce toxic by products. The oxidation of iodide causes slow loss of iodine content from iodised salts that are exposed to excess air. Other potassium compounds of economic value include potassium nitrate, also known as saltpetre, or nitre, KNO3, which has wide use as a fertilizer and in fireworks and explosives and has been used as a food preservative; potassium chromate, K2CrO4, which is employed in tanning leather and dyeing textiles; and potassium sulfate, K2SO4, which is used in the production of fertilizers and potassium alums. The world supply of potash for fertilizer is about 25 million tons (calculated as K2O, although potassium in fertilizer is most commonly present as KCl). At maximal doses, and sometimes at much lower doses, side effects of iodide used for medical reasons, in doses of 1000 times the normal nutritional need, may include: acne, loss of appetite, or upset stomach (especially during the first several days, as the body adjusts to the medication). Compost enriched with manures, tea and coffee grounds, feathers, garden wastes, and kitchen wastes makes an excellent long-term source of nitrogen. Plants and soil may not need large supplies of these nutrients, but the roles they play prove as essential to growth as those of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Global potash consumption is projected to grow in 2023 and beyond. Toluene and alcohol are also homogeneous to each other because both are organic compounds. of aluminum sulfate per plant for most medium- and fine-textured Wisconsin soils in order to decrease soil pH by about one unit. In their uses, potash and soda were largely but not entirely interchangeable. Nonlegumes use molybdenum to reduce complex soil nitrates to ammonia, which provides plants with a simple form of nitrogen that they use readily. Potassium titanate (K2Ti2O5) | K2O5Ti2 | CID 134692465 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological . Try adding a one to two inch layer of these organic materials and incorporate them into the top six to 12 inches of soil before planting. Add them to the compost pile after the harvest. 4H2O. The saponification of fats with KOH is used to prepare the corresponding "potassium soaps", which are softer than the more common sodium hydroxide-derived soaps. Potassium can be stored in nitrogen gas with no reaction. Homemade biodiesel helps you speed past the gas station toward fuel independence. A useful application is in the preparation of aryl iodides from arenediazonium salts.[35][36]. "[40], But equally important to the question of KI is the fact that radioactivity releases are not "local" events. Click Start Quiz to begin! Potassium is the familiar K of the N-P-K trio. Peat moss and certain other organic materials such as pine needles are a good source of organic carbon and can be used to help reduce soil pH. NEW! In 2012, Fleming Co. sold all its product rights and manufacturing facility to other companies and no longer exists. [46][47], By 2020, potassium iodide tablets are made available free of charge for all residents in all pharmacies throughout the country. Correct a boron deficiency with compost that received phosphate rock, seaweed, or small amounts of sawdust, plenty of oak leaves, peat moss, or other acidic organic material. Thus on a molar basis, NaOH is slightly more soluble than KOH. The fact is that sulfur finds its way into the soil by other means. Use about 4 to 6 lb. The carrots may be long but of a small diameter. Potassium permanganate is a very strong oxidizing agent and can, therefore, be used as an oxidant in a wide spectrum of chemical reactions. Learn how to make a soil sifter that takes the weight off your back with these plans for a wheeled sifting box in a frame. The P of the N-P-K formulation, phosphorus, proves critical to photosynthesis, plant maturity, healthy roots, and energy transfers within plants, but its difficult to apply effectively in a soluble form. Aqueous KOH saponifies esters: When R is a long chain, the product is called a potassium soap. For example, in a process commonly referred to as "chemical cremation" or "resomation", potassium hydroxide hastens the decomposition of soft tissues, both animal and human, to leave behind only the bones and other hard tissues. Organic Sources of Potassium for Your Lawn or Garden, The Debate over Organic vs. Chemical Fertilizers, How to Solve Moisture Problems Under Your Home, How to Landscape Your Yard with Deer-Resistant Plants, Texas Couple Creates Ultimate Pirate Ship Playhouse, Bench Plans: Stylish Garden Seating with a Plant Shelf, Snakes Could Be Hiding in Your Pool Noodles, Creating A Beautiful Breezeway Entrance (FULL EPISODE! Potassium iodide is a chemical compound, medication, and dietary supplement. And for more on potash in Australia, check out Top 5 ASX Agricultural Stocks and Potash and Phosphate Investing in Australia. For example, production of coke (fuel) from coal often produces much coking wastewater. The magnesium in the limestones dolomitic component is all thats needed to put sufficient amounts of the element back into the soil. The potassium compounds in compost are water-soluble, which makes them readily available to plants but also likely to leach out of your compost pile over time. In contrast, KI administration after exposure to radioiodine induces a smaller and rapidly decreasing blockade effect. Leave the Leaves. The choice of which material to use depends on how fast you hope the pH will change and the type/size of plant experiencing the deficiency. Abundant nitrogen immediately comes to mind when thinking of fertile soil. The leaves of some plants turn a reddish or purple color while the veins remain green. Your tomato plants upper leaves yellow from a calcium deficiency. Homework help starts here! The plants lack vigor and appear dwarfed. It forms plant proteins and its probably the nutrient most familiar to gardeners. DIY Home Biodiesel Production: Make Your Own Fuel. It gets dissolved in ethanol and organic solvents. Tomato stems blacken at the tips, and the young leaves on main stems yellow, then die quickly. (16 to 24 cups) aluminum sulfate, or 1 1/3 to 2 lb. 3 Potassiums - Potassium gluconate, potassium acetate, monopotassium phosphate in equal parts ; Crystalized Powder for Dissolving ; 20 Teaspoons per Bottle ; Each teaspoon of prepared solution will provide approximately 150 mg or 3.82 mEg of potassium. Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. Most of the phosphorus (P) in the soil exists in organic forms which can only be a potential source of P for plants and microorganisms when mineralized by a set of special enzymes called phosphatases (Guilbeault-Mayers et al., 2020, Janes-Bassett et al., 2020).Several phosphatases are involved in the hydrolysis of organic P compounds but the major role in the organic phosphorus . Granite Dust: Available from granite quarries, granite dust is a relatively inexpensive way to add potassium and tract minerals to your soil. Leaves of corn and white pea beans turn yellow at blossoming time when they dont receive enough phosphorus. This concentration of iodide allows the calculation of the iodide dose per drop, if one knows the number of drops per milliliter. Only a soil test for pH can indicate whether the pH is right, and right really depends on the plant you want to grow and the natural pH of your soil. First, it's important to understand what potash is: an alkaline potassium compound that is most commonly used in fertilizers. Violent explosions also have been observed when mixtures of potassium and halogen acids are subject to shock. Chelation is a process that makes iron available to plants. Manures (especially chicken manure), garden and kitchen wastes, greensand, dried blood, and/or seaweed added to the compost pile provide all of the iron that plants need. The potassium salts of carbonate, cyanide, permanganate, phosphate, and various silicates are prepared by treating either the oxides or the acids with KOH. Washington DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2004. [16] On the other hand, the hydrothermal gasification process could degrade other waste such as sewage sludge and waste from food factories. Air will oxidize iodide, as evidenced by the observation of a purple extract when aged samples of KI are rinsed with dichloromethane. It reacts with hydrogen at approximately 350 C (660 F) to form the hydride. DIY biochar enhances nutrient availability and also enables soil to retain nutrients longer. Use about 4 to 6 lb. Next up is iron. The solution under examination loses its pink colour once all the permanganate ions are used up in the reaction. The yellow areas develop white dead spots similar to those on spinach leaves. (2 cups) aluminum sulfate or 1/6 lb. Reactions can proceed at a faster rate in a . Because of its high affinity for water, KOH serves as a desiccant in the laboratory. Commercially available iobenguane is labeled with iodine-123, and product labeling recommends administration of potassium iodide 1 hour prior to administration of the radiopharmaceutical for all age groups,[17] while the European Association of Nuclear Medicine recommends (for iobenguane labeled with either isotope), that potassium iodide administration begin one day prior to radiopharmaceutical administration, and continue until the day following the injection, with the exception of new-borns, who do not require potassium iodide doses following radiopharmaceutical injection. If youre unable to find the information you need, please submit your gardening question here: Connecting people with the University of Wisconsin. Carrot tops are excellent suppliers of manganese. | INN , 4 Kinds of Potash: Sylvite, Polyhalite, Langbeinite and Carnallite | INN , Largest Investment In Saskatchewan's History As BHP Moves , 2023 Battery Metals Outlook: Australia Edition, NEW! Boron is a trace element responsible for at least sixteen plant functions. However, in the event of a radioiodine release too massive and widespread to be controlled by the limited stock of iodide and iodate prophylaxis drugs, then the addition of perchlorate ions to the water supply, or distribution of perchlorate tablets would serve as a cheap, efficacious, second line of defense against carcinogenic radioiodine bioaccumulation. That said, Russia's war in Ukraine and its use of Belarus as a staging ground have led to export sanctions on the two countries, which prior to 2022 accounted for a combined 40 percent of global potash supply. [53] Because KI is about 76.4% iodide by weight, SSKI contains about 764mg iodide per mL. Sprinkle it lightly whenever adding raw materials. The ingestion of goitrogen drugs is, much like potassium iodide also not without its dangers, such as hypothyroidism. Alkaline soil can halt the nutrients availability, making increased soil acidity a goal when manganese deficiency is suspected. By March 20, the US Navy instructed personnel coming within 100 miles of the reactor to take the pills. Such radiation doses will not occur far away from an accident site. Interested in potash investing, but not sure where to start? In general, it is best to reduce soil pH before planting sensitive landscape ornamentals, rather than attempting to reduce soil pH after plants have become established. Potassium Hydroxide is a strong base used as an electrolyte in alkaline batteries, and as a varnish remover. The reaction is as follows: When permanganate reacts with concentratedhydrochloric acidit produces chlorine. It also helps reduce nitrates to ammonia for the synthesis of plant proteins. It is a white, hygroscopic crystalline powder. 6KOH + 3MnO2 + 6KClO3 3K2MnO4 + 6KCl + 3H2O. Corn leaves show yellow streaks between veins and brown edges and tips develop. 2023 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, Non-Discrimination Policy & How to File a Complaint. The high porosity and low organic content of sandy soil amplify the problem. If plants are already established, use a top-dress application limited to about 1 lb. The alkali metal iodide salt, over time and exposure to excess oxygen and carbon dioxide, slowly oxidizes to metal carbonate and elemental iodine, which then evaporates. Some important uses of potassium permanganate have been discussed below: Give the ionic equation for the oxidation of iodides with KMnO4 in acidic medium and in alkaline medium. They participate in an acid-base equilibrium. If elemental sulfur is applied, decrease the total recommended application by one-sixth. Iobenguane Sulfate I 131 Injection Diagnostic package insert. [8][9], Potassium iodide has been used medically since at least 1820. More severe side effects that require notification of a physician are: fever, weakness, unusual tiredness, swelling in the neck or throat, mouth sores, skin rash, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, irregular heartbeat, numbness or tingling of the hands or feet, or a metallic taste in the mouth.[29]. The chemical formula of potassium permanganate isKMnO4. However, for several fluorophores addition of KI in M-mM concentrations results in increase of fluorescence intensity, and iodide acts as fluorescence enhancer.[30]. SOP is used on high-value crops, such as a variety of fruits and vegetables, nuts, tea, coffee and tobacco, and is seen as premium quality. In industry, KOH is a good catalyst for hydrothermal gasification process. Copper, like several other nutrients, tends to act as a catalyst. That leaves the necessary six: zinc, boron, manganese, iron, copper, and molybdenum. If soils have a pH above 7.5, adding a soil amendment will probably not reduce pH much because of the free calcium carbonate or marl present in these soils. [51] Potassium iodide may also be administered pharmaceutically for thyroid storm. Probably not, although the popular press urges most gardeners to question whether their garden soil pH is right. Zinc shortages can occur in most soils, acidic and alkaline. Molten KOH is used to displace halides and other leaving groups. This range is a result of many factors, including a soil's parent material and the amount of yearly rainfall an area receives. Fruit-tree leaves turn yellow and develop brown areas, and fruits generallylack flavor. It crystallises in the sodium chloride structure. For instant relief, side dress plants with several inches of compost and spray leaves with liquid seaweed. In a neutralsolution, permanganate is reduced by three electrons to produce manganese dioxide, where the oxidation state of manganese is +4. The term "potash" refers to potassium compounds and potassium-bearing materials. Aryl iodides are in turn used to attach aryl groups to other organics by nucleophilic substitution, with iodide ion as the leaving group. Lack of boron causes a variety of slow, irregular growth habits such as dwarfing and bushiness because the growing plant tips die, which encourages lower leaves to sprout. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Principal compounds and reactions with other elements, 118 Names and Symbols of the Periodic Table Quiz. Preshave products and some shave creams contain potassium hydroxide to force open the hair cuticle and to act as a hygroscopic agent to attract and force water into the hair shaft, causing further damage to the hair. Ammonium fertilizers are convenient because they simultaneously fertilize your plants and acidify the . Potassium iodide can be conveniently prepared in a saturated solution, abbreviated SSKI. So, a bag of rose food ($8, The Home Depot) that says 12-6-10 means that it has 12% nitrogen, 6% phosphorus, and 10% potassium. MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O, 2KMnO4 + H2O 2KOH + 2MnO2 + 3[O] MOP is more common, and is typically used on vegetables such as sugar beets, celery and Swiss chard. Potassium iodide and silver nitrate are used to make silver(I) iodide, which is used for high speed photographic film and for cloud seeding: KI serves as a source of iodide in organic synthesis. This general feeding often helps the plants through the summer, but if problems persist, I look for specific nutritional deficiencies. That condition may appear to be caused by a lack of nitrogen, but if kernels dont fill the rows or ear tips and leaves yellow, read the problem as a lack of phosphorus. It remains in solution after being absorbed and flows through plants completing several important functions necessary for good health: (1) It helps the manufacture of sugars and their movement within plants, which has a direct bearing on a plants ability to resist diseases. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate are salts that can be used as fertilisers. "Pathophysiology: The biological basis for disease in Adults and Children". Remedy a molybdenum shortage by planting crops such as vetches that store the micronutrient. A solution of 1:5000 of permanganate when used as a gastric wash, oxidizes poison and prevents their absorption. Potash mine at Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan (photo by Bill Brooks). [3] [4] It is a medication used for treating hyperthyroidism, in radiation emergencies, and for protecting the thyroid gland when certain types of radiopharmaceuticals are used. A manganese shortage causes plant disorders with symptoms such as chlorosis that may appear to be caused by shortages of other nutrients. Wood Ash: The original source of potash fertilizers, hardwood ashes can be used directly as a fertilizer (about a 5-gallon bucket per 1000 square feet) or added to your compost pile to increase the potassium content. [6] While use during pregnancy may harm the baby, its use is still recommended in radiation emergencies. CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potassium_hydroxide&oldid=1136060490, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 January 2023, at 14:44. Zinc is a catalyst that aids in several chemical reactions in plants, including the creation of amino acids. As reported by the NRC, studies after the accident showed that "As of 1996, except for thyroid cancer, there has been no confirmed increase in the rates of other cancers, including leukemia, among the public, that have been attributed to releases from the accident. Of commercially produced potassium compounds, almost 95 percent of them are used in agriculture as fertilizer. Compost receives phosphorus from those items, too. That's where fertilizers like potash come in. Summer puts soil fertility to the test. Water supplies, too, often contain sulfur in quantities sufficient to supply the small amounts needed by plants when watering. The above reaction can be performed in an acidic or a basic medium. pre-prepared solution formula, made by adding KI to water to prepare a solution containing 1000mg KI per mL solution (100% wt/volume KI solution), to closely approximate the concentration of SSKI made by saturation. //]]>. Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Catalyst for hydrothermal gasification process, Rmpp Chemie-Lexikon, 9th Ed. The leaf material between veins doesnt develop properly and a leafs midrib overdevelops instead. Potassium Hydroxide | KOH or HKO | CID 14797 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities . Because of their softness and greater solubility, potassium soaps require less water to liquefy, and can thus contain more cleaning agent than liquefied sodium soaps.[17]. [27], There have been some reports of potassium iodide treatment causing swelling of the parotid gland (one of the three glands that secrete saliva), due to its stimulatory effects on saliva production.[28]. The FDA considers it generally safe as a direct food ingredient when used in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices. 2023 Todays Homeowner Media. [5] In the third world it is also used for treating skin sporotrichosis and phycomycosis. Prev Next Of these products, 131I (Iodine-131) is one of the most common and is particularly dangerous to the thyroid gland because it may lead to thyroid cancer. 5th Edition. [38][18] However the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reported, "thousands of measurements of I-131 (radioactive iodine) activitysuggest that the observed levels were lower than would have been expected had this prophylactic measure not been taken. This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 07:29. Find clues for Alkaline potassium compound commonly used as a fertiliser, originally obtained from the residue of burned wood . [19] Nickeliron batteries also use potassium hydroxide electrolyte. KI is a component in some disinfectants and hair treatment chemicals. Electrolysis of potassium chloride yields potassium hydroxide (also called caustic potash), which readily absorbs moisture and is employed in making liquid soaps and detergents and in preparing many potassium salts. Through this reaction, iodine is used in redox titrations. Tomato shoots exhibit abnormal growth and less-than-vigorous root systems develop when a lack of copper exists. //
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