That the salvation of the nation lay in its rededication to them. Seeking such a consummation, Douglass hurled himself into political activism throughout the 1850s. 380382. In Douglasss day, the forces of disintegration were represented by slaveholders, white supremacists, segregationists, colonizationists, and the more extreme partisans of state or regional sovereignty, and also by black emigrationists and other proponents of black nationalism in its own more extreme forms. To reaffirm the old integrationist faith in America, Myers turns to the renowned 19th century abolitionist and advocate of civil and political equality Frederick Douglass. What does Frederick Douglass mean when he says "Bread of Knowledge"? "In addition to wasting lives, the death penalty also wastes money. [7] I develop this argument at length in Frederick Douglass: Race and the Rebirth of American Liberalism (Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 2008). What did Frederick Douglass oppose? Kimberly has taught Reading/Language Arts to intermediate and middle school students and holds a Master's Degree. He attempts to demonstrate this in the Narrative by describing some of the horrific experiences he witnessed. Working with the above claim and reasoning (the United States should ban capital punishment because capital punishment costs taxpayers more than life in prison), below is an example of strong evidence and weak evidence to support the claim and reason. We utterly repudiate all invidious distinctions, whether in our favor or against us, and ask only for a fair field and no favor.[49]. After giving your reason, if your mom is anything like mine, she'll probably say, 'So?' In the detective show, evidence is usually physical - like DNA or fingerprints. That which is inhuman, cannot be divine! Nevertheless, his speech does make an argument. But this is the opinion of the Founding and, more generally, of the nations basic moral architecture that critics have propounded widely in todays schools and universities. Every year adds to the black mans numbers. Log in here. An effective argumentative essay will bring up counterclaims for two reasons: An effective counterclaim will both disagree with and disprove a claim. Frederick Douglass autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave offers a depiction of slavery like very few before him, from his firsthand accounts. work!!! In Stevenss plan, lands belonging to the former Confederate states and their soldiers would be deemed forfeited and then distributed in parcels of 40 acres as homesteads to the freedpeople. Proponents of this skeptical view cite the persistence of racial segregation in neighborhoods and schools; the persistence of stark disparities between black and white Americans in various measures of social and economic well-being; and, most alarmingly, the deepening alienationthe nihilism, as Cornel West candidly named it[2]prevalent among many AfricanAmericans living in urban poverty. When you're planning an argument, you need to know what the counterclaim might be so that you can make sure that you disprove it with your reasons and evidence. The reasons can also be thought of as the "why" behind a claim. I was nothing before, he wrote in his autobiography, reflecting on the episode. The body can be organized by reasoning, with the author providing three reasons as the topic sentences for the three paragraphs, then using further reasoning and evidence to prove the topic sentence. Douglass states that "scorching irony, not convincing argument, is needed." It is particularly important also to pay renewed attention to the most thoughtful apostles of the integrationist faith among the major figures of the AfricanAmerican protest tradition. athenaeum club southend membership fees. [13] Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom, in Autobiographies, p. 392. I have no country. He could feel no attachment to America, he explained, for reasons that ran deeper than the countrys unjust practices. While Frederick Douglass made some key arguments, he also made common ground to make his . II, p. 528 (emphasis in original). Douglass refutes Fitzhughs pro-slavery argument of the average slave living an ideal life, by disproving early ideas of the free labor system and paternalism through real life encounters of the physical oppression slaves faced on the day to day basis in the forms of inhumane treatment and violence, as well as the true harsh, The brutality that slaves endured form their masters and from the institution of slavery caused slaves to be denied their god given rights. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. For its first 18 months, Douglass found in Lincolns presidency mostly a confirmation of his doubts. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? IV, p. 183. Your fathers, the fathers of this republic, did, most deliberatelyand with a sublime faith in the great principles of justice and freedom, lay deep the corner-stone of the national superstructure, which has risen and still rises in grandeur around you. [39] Address of the Colored National Convention to the People of the United States, October 47, 1864, in Life and Writings, Vol. In the book called The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, he attempts to shine light on the American Slave system in the 1800s. We want no black Ireland in America, he warned in response to the Supreme Courts disappointing ruling in the Civil Rights Cases in 1883no American counterpart to the aggrieved, unproductive, disproportionately criminal (under)class that Douglass viewed as the natural issue of Englands injustice. Counterclaim - a claim for relief made in opposition to, or to offset another person's claim. Use the present tense of the verb. In Americas dedication to principles of natural human rights set forth in the Declaration of Independence, Douglass found reason to love and identify with his country, despite the injustices that he and his people had suffered. Central to the question of the wars larger moral legacy was the fate of those with whom he peculiarly identified: those lately emancipated. The conclusion of the essay is one paragraph and contains an overarching summary of the argument as well as any implications this argument may have moving forward. Douglas first swam alone in the pool to remove his residual doubts about his fear of water. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Counterclaim and Refutation Sentence Frames. How to Teach Essaysincludes 42 skill-based essay strategy worksheets (fillable PDFs and 62 Google slides), beginning with simple 3-word paragraphs and proceeding step-by-step to complex multi-paragraph essays. What counterclaim does Douglass address in his dpeech in From what to the slave is the 4th of July? [45] Two things are noteworthy about this proposal. Such practices implicated southern white landowners in a conspiracy to refrain from selling land to black would-be buyers and to compensate black laborers only by means that prevented them from accumulating any savings. [50] My Bondage and My Freedom, in Autobiographies, p. 286; Douglass to Stowe, March 8, 1853, in Life and Writings, Vol. 364365. The evidence is the facts, data, and quoted experts used to provide support for the reasoning. He was appealing to the public to honor those victims claim for a slight measure of compensation in a fashion carefully tailored to their needs and to the deepest of the wrongs that they had suffered. A counterclaim is just the opposite of a claim. -yes! Space permits here only a brief sketch of Douglasss singularly remarkable life story, which sheds much light on the formation of his political philosophy. Speaking in mid-1863 on the question What shall be done with the Negro? he specified four altogether objectionable responses. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. His life was transformed yet again in August 1841, when the nations foremost abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison, heard him speak at meetings in New Bedford and Nantucket, Massachusetts, and promptly offered him a position as a lecturer for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. The central or overall claim of an argumentative essay is also known as the thesis. While this quote is from a credible source (Carolina Justice Policy Center) and provides factual evidence, the evidence is not relevant to the specific claim and reasoning provided. Frederick Douglass went on to write books and give speeches in hope that one day all slaves would be free. The main purpose of a counterclaim is to address the opposite side of the argument and provide a rebuttal. What other words in the speech connect to this concept? These will speak for him. [58] The Blessings of Liberty and Education, in Douglass Papers, Vol. So, not only does the author work on proving their claim, but they work on disproving the counterclaim or opposition's argument. Claims are not just opinions. II, p. 235; Address on the Twentieth Anniversary of Emancipation, April 16, 1883, in Douglass Papers, Vol. [20] Douglass, Speech on the Dred Scott Decision, in Life and Writings, Vol. In paragraph 5, (b) How does he refute that counterclaim? A claim of cause and effect is a claim that one thing influences or affects another. This meant first the reintegration of a country still badly divided by sectionalism in the immediate aftermath of the war. He talks about how grateful he is that america is young because it has time to create its own path without a past to hold it down. To be deprived of the vote in America, or in any democracy, he continued, is to suffer a double injustice. Plus, each essay includes a detailed analytical (not holistic) rubric for assessment-based learning. While this quote is from a credible source (Markkula Center for Applied Ethics), it merely restates the claim and reasoning, rather than providing actual evidence to support it. In this reassuring view, the era of momentous reforms that Kings speech and actions did much to elicit vindicates the character of America, displaying the nations renewed determination to make good on its original commitment to securing the equal natural rights of all its members. We are able to explore new ideas and concepts, which leads to more knowledge. Making a claim is just a fancy way of saying that you're stating your main point. At the same time Douglass is disgusted with education because it lets him know and fully understand the extent and horrors of slavery. Douglass never tired of quoting the lines of Byron to this effect: Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow. To the end, he held strongly to the principle that he stressed in an 1855 editorial: our elevation as a race, is almost wholly dependent upon our own exertions.[55]. succeed. Evidence should be from a source that's reliable, and it makes your argument even better if you have evidence from multiple sources. If the author's claim is that organ selling should be legalized, an example of an effective counterclaim would be that organ selling should not be legalized because it can drive up the cost of organ transplants, meaning that only the rich could afford to receive a transplant. When Douglass remarked on Americas inexpiable debt to those who had been enslaved, he was not demanding an effort to restore, however imperfectly, the actual and potential material wealth that slavery had stolen from its victims. When Hugh Auld, Sophias husband, promptly forbade further instruction for the reason that literacy would forever unfit the boy for slavery, young Frederick gained a revelatory insight into the evil design of slavery and the sure path to liberation. He shouted with joy when he was able to achieve this feat. [37] Ibid., pp. He writes: "Slavery soon proved its ability to divest her of these heavenly qualities. June 14, 2022 The conclusion ties to the claim and. Due to this criticism, he had to mask much of his work with irony. The question that has with stood the test of time is, are these encounters that have been written out, exaggerated or the whole truth and nothing but the truth? In the early 1800s Frederick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland, and grew up on Colonial Edward Lloyds plantation. [11] Douglass, Speech at the American Anti-Slavery Society, May 11, 1847, in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, Vol. But his Do nothing with us! rhetoric, oversimplified for emphasis, has been misunderstood by critics who read it literally as a denial of public obligation and a justification of public indifference toward the freedpeople. Scarcely less important than suffrage as a guarantor of personal security were property rights. Evaluating an Argument Guidelines & Examples | What is an Argument? Provide a quotation from the speech that shows Douglass's response to the counterclaim identified. The only solid, and final solution of the problem before us, Douglass insisted, was also the only just solution: the most perfect civil and political equality such that black Americans shall enjoy all the rights, privileges and immunities enjoyed by any other members of the body politic.[37] In its primary meaning, Douglasss fair-play, non-exceptionalism principle entailed simple equality under law, irrespective of race or color, but in the decades following the war, he was most urgently concerned with equal protection for two rights in particular: voting rights and property rights. Curiosity may have killed the cat, but it will help you be a good interviewer. That Douglass sympathized, for a period in his youth, with anti-America radicalism is hardly surprising. Latest answer posted August 20, 2009 at 11:51:14 PM. 364366. Douglass saw slavery as a, It is at this time that Frederick Douglass learns one of the greatest freedoms of all. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. What have you learned about the struggle for freedom from reading this speech? The 4 parts of an argumentative essay are the claim, counterclaim, reasoning, and evidence. To this day, Douglass endures unequalled as the invincible adversary of racial despair and disaffectionthe preeminent exemplar and apostle of hopefulness in the American promise of justice for all. Neither do we address you as enemies, (although the recipients of innumerable wrongs); but in the spirit of patriotic good will. In paragraph 5, (a) What does Douglass acknowledge as a counterclaim to his So far as it filled the country with a deeper abhorrence of slavery and a deeper love for the great liberator, the murder of Lincoln, he hoped, would arouse in the war-weary nation the spirit to continue and complete Lincolns workand Douglasss ownin the postwar years.[29]. Above all, the Constitution must be interpreted in light of its commitment to secure the blessings of liberty for all. It is difficult to challenge the accuracy of the first hand account offered. He then begins to think getting his education could be his way to liberty and freedom and though he endeavors to learn much as he can, he starts to doubt whether he is correct or not. Various options can be effective: 1. The evils which are now crushing the Negro to earth have their root and sap, their force and mainspring, in this narrow spirit of race and color and the Negro has no more right to excuse or to foster it than men of any other race. 790, 795797. It had given me a view of my wretched condition, without the remedy. The standard format for an argumentative essay is as follows: An effective argument contains all of the necessary components (claim, reasons, evidence, counterclaims) while keeping the intended audience in mind. Introduction--The introduction of a five-paragraph essay is one paragraph. He barely knew his mother, who died shortly before or after he turned eight years old. 19 Step-by-step answer 17.02.2022, solved by verified expert Bhaskar Singh Bora p PhD Mathematics, Physics. keep that person in prison for all of his or her natural life" (Spangenberg and Walsh 15). James M. Washington (New York: HarperCollins, 1986), pp. Counterclaims are also provable and supportable by reasons and evidence. What is the Function of a Claim in an Argument? -he wishes he could present a speech that was positive for the people. According to Douglass, how do laws in the South prove that slaves are human beings? A claim of value makes a judgement on something's worth, morality, or merit. II, p. 360. [44] Douglass, We Are Not Yet Quite Free, August 3, 1869, in Douglass Papers, Vol. Later, he finds out that while the conditions are slightly better there is still a great deal of injustice. Counterclaims are arguments of the opposing side which the author will address. Throughout his postwar career, he remained acutely aware of the depth of the injuries inflicted by slavery and of the persisting power of racial prejudice, and he was carefully attentive to the claims of corrective justice. Evidence provides factual proof for the reasons in an argument and can consist of facts, data, statistics, published study results, and quoted experts. Not only will people need to know where you got your evidence, they might even want to see it. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass is thrown into a new world of knowledge and opportunity, once he learns how to read and write. Want this question answered? Dvidas? In his reasonable faith in their ultimate triumph in America, Douglass found an enormous reservoir of strength that he labored to share with others. While conceding that these critics have a point, Peter C. Myers faults them for embracing a radical critique of America that rejects Americas founding principles as racist, abandons the goal of integration, and fosters alienation. Speed swimmers have made (alot/a lot) of progress since the 1924 Olympics. Knowing that your mom could care less about the newest games, appeal to what she thinks is important - your grades. Such attention is properly directed toward, but also beyond, the icons of the recent era of reform. "The demographics of the death row population show a racial bias as well. Through the use of first person encounters, Frederick Douglass in his narrative A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass argues that the key to freedom is claimed through education. His forceful resistance proved no less powerfully liberating than his literacy. [46] See Madison, Property, in Madison: Writings (New York: Library of America, 1999), pp. No words, no tears, no prayers, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron heart from its bloody purpose. in Literary Studies. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. IV, pp. In each piece of literature both authors also unknowingly touch on topics of early American history such as free labor ideology and paternalism therefore deepening our knowledge of popular understandings during this time period. In addition to using Counterclaim and Refutation Sentence Frames, writing teachers may also be interested in these related articles:Why Use an Essay Counterclaim?,Where to Put the Essay Counterclaim, andWhat is the Essay Counterclaim? A counterclaim is the argument (or one of the arguments) opposing your thesis statement. He allowed that Lincolns election has demonstrated the possibility of electingan anti-slavery reputation to the Presidency of the United States.[24] But an anti-slavery reputation was a far cry from a genuine abolitionist, in Douglasss estimation, and Douglass at first expected little of Lincoln, who did not share his radically abolitionist reading of the Constitution. Of these four possibilities, he was especially fearful of the third in view of the terrible damage it would doboth directly to the character and morale of its primary victims and indirectly to the entire country. [9] Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom, in Frederick Douglass: Autobiographies (New York: Library of America, 1994), p. 286. In it, he articulated in an unforgettable manner the core meaning and mission of America, drawing inspiration, he said, from the magnificent words of the nations two great founding documents, the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Douglass found solid reasons for believing what he repeatedly affirmed throughout the decade, as in his Dred Scott speech: I base my sense of the certain overthrow of slavery, in part, upon the nature of the American Government, the Constitution, the tendencies of the age, and the character of the American people. Drawing upon that faith, he taught black Americans and all other Americans to stand up for justice and to strive for excellence. V, p. 78. III, p. 218 (emphasis added). A claim of fact (or a factual claim) is a claim arguing that something is or is not true. The climactic reversal in his youth came when he resolved to resist, and successfully resisted, a cruel slavemasters attempt to whip him. 202203 (emphasis added). Post comments: direct characterization of clarisse fahrenheit 451 direct characterization of clarisse fahrenheit 451 Frederick Douglass, J. M. Whitfield, H. O . For example, This view ignores the conclusive evidence that This position is mistaken because, 3. Douglass proposed the chartering of a national land and loan company empowered to purchase available tracts of land and then to resell or lease those lands to members of the newly emancipated class. He says of Sophia Auld, "Slavery proved as injurious to her as it did to me" (page 28). 2 - Evidence. work!!! If the claim is that the United States should ban capital punishment, an effective counterclaim would be that the United States should not ban capital punishment because capital punishment provides a sense of closure for the families of the victims of violent crimes. Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) was a former slave who became a nationally recognized abolitionist orator during the antebellum period. Add an answer. The Common Core State Standards for grades 7-12 include the counterclaim in the argumentative essay (W. 1.0). [8] The reader interested in a fuller account of Douglasss life should begin by reading Douglasss autobiographies: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845); My Bondage and My Freedom (1855); and Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881; expanded 1892).

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