However, it was decided not to include the following analyses into the original publication in order to highlight the comparison of the context sport compared with the remainder of the athletes parts of life. Embedding human rights principles into sporting institutions is a critical step towards preventing harassment and abuse in sport. The prevalence of bullying actions with regard to separate type of sports was identified: in individual sports (9.8 . In Germany, elite athletes are categorized into four different squads. 2023 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Satellite Information Network, LLC. On October 3, 2019, panelists at Yale Law School discussed the implications of gendered and racialized sports eligibility requirements on athletes' bodily autonomy and rights. In total, 18.2% of the male athletes had experienced a so-called mild form of sexual violence, 8.6% a moderate form, and 14.1% a severe form. Colleges and universities "need to do more to keep students on their campuses safe, said Florida state Sen. Lauren Book, a survivor of sexual assaultwho founded Lauren's Kids. 6. The survey found that almost all of the athletes who experienced sexual abuse from an authority figure suffered at least one negative financial, academic, health or social consequence. Aserious problem for the comparison of earlier studies in the area of sexual violence in sport is the fact that almost every publication uses another definition of sexual violence and thus includes more or less incidents of violence into the definition. Introduction. Furthermore, it should be taken into account that our study contained avery sensitive topic and was carried out as an online survey. Vulnerable young people in the care of authority figures provide an opportunity for "grooming," in which a predator manipulates a victim into believing misconduct is normal a risk . Unfortunately . Young athletes are practicing too hard in just one sport, increasing the risk of injuries and burnout. Garca-Moreno, C., Jansen, H.A.F.M., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. (2005). However, future studies are necessary to bring more light into this field and to find out if our explanations are correct. Our fight or flight response system. The second possible explanation relates more to personal factors of single athletes, for example that those persons who have experienced sexual violence outside sports deliberately turn to sports, and especially elite sports as an addition to or replacement for psychotherapy. 2. Can occur separately or be a part of abuse. Prevalence appears to be higher in elite sport. In Nigeria, child marriage rates are more than 43%, according to UN Women, and six out of 10 children under 18 have experienced some form of physical, emotional and sexual violence, according to . German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 48(1), 5968. In addition, as we have only questioned elite athletes, our results are not transferable to recreational sports. The email was sent by the German Olympic Sports Federation (DOSB), who hosts alist of all German Olympic squad athletes (N=6699) and the German National Paralympic Committee (DBS) for all 300 Paralympic athletes. Research on the prevalence of sexual violence in sport mostly focuses on incidents of sexual violence that happen in the context of sport, but few studies are available that systematically target the lifetime prevalence of sexual violence in the athletes (as persons), combining experiences in sport and outside the sport system. In the Netherlands, the prevalence rate for sexual violence in sport was 11.9%, for Flanders it was 16.7%. This article . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-020-00678-3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-020-00678-3. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511403920. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671883. 16 Protecting elite athletes from sexual harassment and abuse presents unique challenges that are different from the challenges faced by athletes of lesser ac-complishment. Naomi Osaka's withdrawal this week from the French Open stunned tennis. Temporal and developmental risk factors for sexual harassment and abuse in sport. Different aspects from our results are remarkable; first of all the fact that prevalence rates of athletes sexual violence experiences outside sport exceed the ones from the sport context, and especially severe sexual violence is significantly elevated. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17, 682699. 41% of U.S. adults have personally experienced online harassment, and 25% have experienced more severe harassment. friend with this athlete. June 8, 2022 athletes who are different are more vulnerable to harassment . Mind, Body and Sport: Interpersonal violence and the student-athlete population. Contributing:David Jesse, Detroit Free Press; The Associated Press. He said that whenStrauss began sexually abusing him during medical examinations, he didnt fully understand what was happening to him. HARASSMENT Sexual harassment consists of unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favours and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2013). What's more, anyone can be a target of bullying, even strong, athletic, and popular kids. Table3 shows the overlap of sexual violence experiences in sport and outside sports. Therefore, the athletes are used to discipline their body and to do things with the body they do not feel comfortable with. Published by on June 29, 2022. Public Opinion, Crisis, and Vulnerable Populations: The Case of Title IX and COVID-19, Politics & Gender (2020). Furthermore, the participants were asked to answer demographic questions concerning their age, gender, sport, squad membership, duration in their sport, and occupational status. In Malaysia, sexual harassment, as defined by the Employment Act 1955, is "any unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, whether verbal, non-verbal, visual, gestural or physical, directed at a person which is offensive, humiliating or a threat to their well-being".The Act does not distinguish between male and female or employer and employee. Toftegaard Nielsen, J. the studies we currently have at our disposal show that between 2% and 8% of athletes (both minors and young adults) are victims of sexual assault within the context of sport. In contrast to the other categorization systems, this kind of categorization takes into account the fact that being exposed to sexual harassment over alonger period of time might also lead to serious harm in the affected person (Vertommen etal., 2016). athletes who are different are more vulnerable to harassment athletes who are different are more vulnerable to harassment. This large variation is not only to be explained by cultural diversity, but mostly has its reason in different definitions, instruments, samples and/or methodologies used in the different studies. They take stimulants to increase energy and beta-blockers for improved focus. Due to ethical considerations, only athletes with aminimum age of 16years were included. (2016) were used. More information: James N. Druckman et al. was used: the basic prevalence rates are depicted in Table2; prevalence rates for different subgroups are reported elsewhere (Ohlert etal., 2018). This is contrary to most other studies on sexual violence in sport as they focus on sport as acontext to foster sexual violence (Alexander etal., 2011; Fasting etal., 2004; Toftegaard Nielsen, 2001; Vertommen etal., 2016; Volkwein etal., 1997). Shavers said his military training helped him compartmentalize his abuse, but coming forward and suing the university in Maydug up old feelings. Most studies on sexual violence in sport focus on sport as acontext to foster sexual violence (Alexander etal., 2011; Fasting etal., 2004; Toftegaard Nielsen, 2001; Vertommen etal., 2016; Volkwein etal., 1997), and not on the athletes as vulnerable persons. Clinical data indicate that psychosomatic illnesses, anxiety . hud 221 d 4 database; wilderness lodge transportation; 4 common characteristics of organization "That doesn't mean you're always soft on athletes and . Teenagers who are addicted to social media are more likely to engage in cyberbullying, as well as those who spend more time online. From 2008 to 2018, there have been at least 52 reported incidents across the U.S. of racial harassment directed at Native American athletes, coaches and fans, according to data compiled from news articles, federal reports and court documents by High Country News.Reported incidents ranged from racist vandalism and tweets, to banners that read, "Hey Indians, get ready for a Trail of Tears Part . The questionnaire consists of descriptions of 17different possible sexual violence situations, ranging from sexual harassment to forced sexual intercourse (see Ohlert etal., 2018 for adetailed description). (Human Rights Watch, 2020) As an investigation, HRW have recently published a report in July 2020 in order to . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. In order to compare sexual violence experiences in and outside sports, the same set of questions and the same answering scale was used to assess sexual violence experiences outside sports. Last access: 30.09.2020. We call for a new model of intervention and outline the backbone of a . DOI: 10.1017/S1743923X20000446 They're young, in most cases, which leaves them really vulnerable, but also in a culture where it's not always clear to an athlete, what is emotional harassment or physical abuse. According to Vertommen etal. The aim of this study was therefore to compare sexual violence prevalence rates in organized sport and outside sports for elite athletes in Germany. June 16, 2022 | In whole foods reheating instructions 2020 It's hard-wired into us. Professional and amateur athletes alike abuse hormones for muscle and heart enhancement. (2009). Zuerich: UBS Optimus Foundation. athletes who are different are more vulnerable to harassmentwhy is dr king disappointed with the white church athletes who are different are more vulnerable to harassment sick leave or workers' comp) By comparing results from different studies, it has to be kept in mind that asking for the perception of asituation may lead to different results than just asking if asituation has happened. Student-athletes are especially vulnerable to group-think when they are isolated from outside opinions, when they are in homogenous groups, when they are expected to be obedient to "superiors," and when there are no clear rules for decision-making. One common impact of harassment and abuse is the development of mental health symptoms and disorders including anxiety, depression . 2 PubMed Our results also provide evidence that sexual violence experiences in sport and outside sports are highly overlapping: half of the athletes who reported at least one event of sexual violence in sport also indicated sexual violence in other areas of life. J.Ohlert, T.Rau, B.Rulofs and M.Allroggen declare that they have no competing interests. Not all A squad athletes are professional athletes, but most of them receive some federal funding. Over the past four years, the FTC has recorded a steady rise in romance scam losses: from $493 million in 2019 to $730 million the following year to over $1.3 billion per year in 2021 and 2022 . Nutrition needs of athletes vary by sport, but most athletes have extensive training loads that increase nutrition needs. "We offer sympathy to all of the victims of the late Dr. RobertAnderson," university spokesperson Rick Fitzgerald said. According to Athlete Ally's website, an Athlete Ally is "any person -- regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity -- who takes a stand against homophobia and transphobia in sports and brings the message of respect, inclusion and equality to their athletic community. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269001036002003. Which of these explanations (a combination of both contextual and personal factors, or others?) What Does Text To Speech: Enabled Mean, 5th Annual Back-to-School Drive & Community Dinner. Cooper, 59, whosuedthe university along withdozens of anonymous male athletes last August, said he wasnt fully aware at the time that he was being abused, and he didnt want to come forward and jeopardize his spot on the football team. Based on theoretical assumptions and previous studies, it was expected (a)that sexual violence prevalence rates would be different in organized sport compared to outside sport, (b)that female athletes would experience more sexual violence than male athletes, as well in sport as outside sports, and (c)that sexual violence experiences in sport and outside sports would overlap. Numerous international studies are available on the general prevalence of sexual violence, especially in children and adolescents. Why Did Johnson Smith Company Close, Athlete's Brains are still in Development Dr. Richard Davidson directs the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds at Wisconsin. Furthermore, it has to be noted that men are in general less likely to report sexual violence than women (McLean, 2013); thus, the prevalence rate for the male athletes might be underestimated. (1999). https://www.bmfsfj.de/blob/jump/84328/langfassung-studie-frauen-teil-eins-data.pdf. The mean age was 21.6years (SD=6.7years, range 1659), and the experience in their actual sport ranged from1 to 50years (M=12.1, SD=6.3). 5 Fifty-three percent of all reports made to anti-discrimination charity Kick It Out involved racism. Most of victims and perpetrators know each other. Parent, S., Lavoie, F., Thibodeau, M.-., Hbert, M., & Blais, M. (2016). India's female athletes contend with sexual harassment. Reprsentativbefragung sexueller Missbrauch 2011 [Representative survey sexual abuse 2011]. Being a woman, or a woman of color makes workers more vulnerable to sexual harassment because sexual harassers tend to be "looking for someone who is not going to report or if they do report,. Dozens more mensued Ohio State in Mayover the universitys failure to stop thesexual abuse and misconduct. The highest level is the Asquad, which encompasses national team athletes who represent Germany in international competitions. All studies performed were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case. Breiding, M.J. In alarge scale study by Fasting, Brackenridge, and Sundgot-Borgen, (2003, 2004) on Norwegian female elite athletes, the respondents also report prevalence rates for their sexual violence experiences outside sport. 5, 89075, Ulm, Germany, Jeannine Ohlert,Thea Rau&Marc Allroggen, German Sport University Cologne, The German Research Centre for Elite Sportmomentum, Cologne, Germany, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Sport Sociology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany, You can also search for this author in Article This reduction in sample size can be explained by the fact that the questions concerning experiences outside sport were placed at the end of the questionnaire. Protocol design for large-scale cross-sectional studies of sexual abuse and associated factors in individual sports: Feasibility study in Swedish athletics. interpersonal violence (neglect and psychological, physical and sexual harassment and abuse) is an increasingly recognised risk of sport participation. Almost 40% of athletes said they felt pressured not to report because they were afraid of losing their scholarship or doubted that the abuse was bad enough to warrant reporting. This document presents and discusses evidence related to harassment and abuse in sport, including the different forms of harassment and abuse in sport, the impacts of abuse, risk factors and vulnerable populations of athletes, and recommendations for prevention. Mind, Body and Sport: Interpersonal violence and the student-athlete population. The Bsquad serves as an extension of the Asquad, including athletes with future chances for the Asquad. For those in the sample considered to be athletes (i.e., affiliated to asports club), the total prevalence rate for lifetime sexual abuse was 8.8%, whereas only 0.8% indicated sexual abuse and 0.4% sexual harassment by the coach (i.e., in the sport context). The impact of child sexual abuse on health: a systematic review of reviews. (2003). I dont like to talk about what happened at Michigan. The first explanation relates more to the contextual factors of the sport environment, as the highly performance-oriented competitive sport expects from the athletes to always go beyond their initial limits to reach peak performance (Brackenridge, 2001). Participants were 1529 German squad athletes above the age of 16, representing 128 different sports and 57different sport organisations. Thus, instead of focusing on sexual violence that athletes experience in the sport context, it might be more useful to concentrate on the athletes themselves as persons. According to Encyclopedia of Psychology, sexual abuse is unwanted sexual activity with perpetrators using force, making threats or taking advantage of victims who are not able to give consent. Through this socialization in sport, they might also comply with unusual requests concerning their sexuality and might have lost the sense for their personal boundaries. WHO multi-country study on womens health and domestic violence against women. The study involved 1440 organized sports athletes representing all sports types. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(16), 26662686. Ashare of 22% of the total population answered the questions regarding sexual violence and was thus included in this study. Comparison of elite athletes sexual violence experiences in and outside sport, German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-020-00678-3, Coming Out in Family and Sports-related Contexts among Young Italian Gay and Lesbian Athletes: The Mediation Effect of the Dont Ask, Dont Tell Attitude, The Relationship Between Coming Out as Lesbian, Gay, or Bisexual and Experiences of Homophobic Behaviour in Youth Team Sports, Sport, Sexual Violence and the Law: A Feminist Critique and Call to Action, Attitudes Toward Sexual Diversity in Sport Among Undergraduate Students of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences in Spain, I somehow had the Feeling that I did not belong thereExperiences of Gay and Lesbian Recreational Athletes in German Sports Clubs, Abuse in Sports: The Influence of Victim Gender, Defendant Gender, and Type of Abuse, Experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals in sports in Germany, Contesting the autonomy of sport to realize the right to safe sport: a Canadian case study, The Effect of Gambling Motivation of Sport Spectators on Propensity for Violence in Sport, https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2016.0107, https://www.bmfsfj.de/blob/jump/84328/langfassung-studie-frauen-teil-eins-data.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2003.10609067, https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671883, https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.989265, https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600208413337, https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/11/sports/figure-skating-top-figure-skating-coach-is-accused-of-sexual-misconduct.html, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.003, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.006, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-017-0485-9, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019007, https://doi.org/10.1177/101269001036002003, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.006, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Also for this result, significant gender differences were evident (2(3)=121.25, p<0.001, V=0.28), with 40.9% of the male and 66.3% of the female athletes reporting at least one incident of sexual violence during their lifetime (independent from context). Each of these conditions is a medical concern. Schultesaid that in addition to changes in campus culture, states need to pass laws that make it easier to hold schools accountable for protecting serial abusers, create windows for survivors to come forwardand require universities to be transparent about abuse on campus. LGBT athletes still face an uphill battle when it comes to acceptance and equal opportunity in sports. Stress Disorders . 24, 39 studies have overwhelmingly SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF FEMALE ATHLETES DEFINED Sex-based harassment, otherwise referred to as sex discrimination, of then school students without a public persona are even more vulnerable. That number requires some perspective: The Minnesota Amateur Sports Commission determined that 35 million kids in the United States participate in sports each year. (2001). Consider that nearly 30 percent of LGBT athletes report being harassed or attacked for sexual orientation or gender expression while participating on a sports team, according to the 2011 Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network's 2011 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.006. Interpersonal violence against children in sport in the Netherlands and Belgium. Ability-based harassment is a type of workplace harassment directed towards individuals who either: Live with a disability (physical or mental) themselves Are acquainted with a person or people with a disability Use disability services (e.g. New guidelines urge parents to reduce the intensity. Geneva: WHO. Following the results of our study, the sport clubs seem to be avery important place to offer athletes with sexual violence experiences (no matter whether experienced inside or outside sport) asafe setting and the chance to find aperson of trust in their own club, so they can be sure that they are being heard and helped. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Also, allowing yourself to share important elements of your personal history requires conscious vulnerability, and doing so will help you develop deeper emotional connections and greater intimacy . Looking back in time, the establishment of slavery is a precursor to more recent discriminatory policies and social, political, and economic inequalities. athletes who are different are more vulnerable to harassment, what happened to christina park of fox news, munis employee self service login hartford, How Do I Stop Apple Music From Automatically Playing, Youtubers That Live In Kansas City, Missouri. Timpka, T., Janson, S., Jacobsson, J., Ekberg, J., Dahlstrm, ., Kowalski, J., Svendin, C.G., et al. Consider that nearly 30 percent of LGBT athletes report being harassed or attacked for sexual orientation or gender expression while participating on a sports team, according to the 2011 Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network's 2011 . Sports is seen as a transparent area due to the fact that it is independent of other areas of life. (2016). Furthermore, acomparison with agroup of female non-athletes revealed that athletes experienced the same amount of sexual harassment as the non-athletes (Fasting etal., 2003). This especially applies to severe forms of sexual violence. It seems that elite athletes are ahighly vulnerable group for sexual violence experiences, given that four in ten male athletes and even two out of three female athletes reported at least one sexual violence event during their lifetime (at an average age of 21years! Coopers story is part of several high-profile casesof sexual misconduct by authority figures on college campuses, and a new survey found the abuse may be particularly common among student athletes. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. Youtubers That Live In Kansas City, Missouri, Indeed, abuse and harassment undermines sport's governing bodies' objective to promote sport as an educational, life-affirming and life-enhancing activity. athletes who are different are more vulnerable to harassment Part II will address the particular problems that arise in elite-level Clinical data indicate that psychosomatic illnesses, anxiety . 860 Words4 Pages. Krah, B., Berger, A., Vanwesenbeeck, I., Bianchi, G., Chliaoutakis, J., Fernndez-Fuertes, A., Zygadlo, A., et al. Together they create serious health risks that may be life . (2011); they titled the three categories as sexual harassment, grey zone and sexual harm. Participation in college sports and protection from sexual victimization. Ohlert, J., Seidler, C., Rau, T., Rulofs, B., & Allroggen, M. (2018). In total, 18.2% of the male athletes had experienced a so-called mild form of sexual violence, 8.6% a moderate form, and 14.1% a severe form. More than 1 in 4 current or former student athletessurveyed reported being sexually assaulted or harassed by someone in a position of power on campus, compared with1 in 10 of those in the general population, according to thesurvey commissioned by Laurens Kids, a nonprofit group that seeks to educate parents and kids about sexual violence. London: Pearson. In 2015, . Children and youth who are bullied are more likely than other children to: Be depressed, lonely, and anxious; Have low self-esteem; Experience headaches, stomachaches, tiredness, and poor eating; Be absent from school, dislike school, and have poorer school performance; and. From two meta-analyses, it is evident that during childhood and adolescence, on average 18% to 19.2% of the girls and 7.4% to 7.6% of the boys become victims of sexual violence (Pereda, Guilera, Forns, & Gmez-Benito, 2009; Stoltenborgh, van Ijzendoorn, Euser, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2011). Murali Krishnan New Delhi. A 2013 study by Georgetown University Medical Center asked 117 current and 163 former Division One athletes if they suffered from depression. Another naming was used by Alexander etal. Respondents were asked to indicate their experiences specifically in organized sport. This discrepancy has normalized a culture of sexual harassment: " The athletes complained about a thriving sexist environment where verbal abuse went unchecked, sexual jokes and sexual allusion to what athletes must do to make the team were commonplace and there was a high tolerance for homophobic and sexist attitudes among the coaches." However, it should be kept in mind that qualitative studies as well as theoretical approaches do not focus on the comparison between sport and other contexts of life, but rather exclusively on the sport context. The organization states that female athletes are more vulnerable to three primary risk factors: external social pressures to maintain thinness, competition stress, participating in and negatively reflecting on athletic performance. Leahy, T., Pretty, G., & Tenenbaum, G. (2002). (2011) was used: (1)aesthetic sports (e.g., gymnastics, figure skating), (2)contact/combat sports (e.g., judo, karate), (3)team ball sports (e.g., basketball, field hockey), (4)aiming sports (e.g., archery, golf), (5)racing sports (e.g., track and field, cycling), (6)racket sports (e.g., badminton, table tennis), and (7)high-risk sports (e.g., ski jumping, toboggan racing). 1 however, multiple meta-analyses have shown that victims of hazing are at a higher risk of developing mental health disorders. A new Pew Research Center survey finds that 59% of U.S. teens have personally experienced at least one of six types of abusive online behaviors. Furthermore, the total lifetime prevalence rates of sexual violence experiences (in sport and outside sports) for elite athletes in Germany are presented. Sexual harassment can take many different forms - it can be obvious or indirect, physical or verbal, repeated or one-off . As the DOSB and DBS are the two largest umbrella organizations in Germany, the two lists used for this survey should comprise the vast majority of German elite athletes. To shed more light on this rapidly growing challenge, EIGE has published a paper focusing on the need for gender-disaggregated data on cyber violence. Discrimination is incredibly complex and experienced in so many different ways that it can be difficult to pinpoint the process by which it undermines mental health, researchers say. Still, it is important to be able to differentiate between different forms of sexual violence; therefore, Brackenridge (2001) created acontinuum of sexual violence in sport, ranging from sexual harassment or the chilly climate to sexual abuse or groomed or coerced with agrey zone (unwanted attention) in between. However, in another study, Parent and colleagues (Parent, Lavoie, Thibodeau, Hbert, & Blais, 2016) conducted aprevalence study with arepresentative sample of 6450children14 to 17year oldsin Quebec. Focusing on sexual violence in organized sport, several empirical studies are available from different countries. Besides that, the aim of the study was to show differences between sexual violence experiences in sport and outside sports, gender differences, but also the correlation between sexual violence experiences in sport and outside sport. (1)physically harming student or damaging student's property, (2)placing student in reasonable fear of the above, or (3)creating a hostile educational environment. All data analyses were conducted via SPSS25 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). How can an athlete best prevent detraining? . Thats not to say you cant heal and overcome, but those lasting effects could be forever if you dont handle them and do the work.. for understanding harassment, gender, and power. Thus, assaults of the same person can happen in the context of sport, but also outside sports and this constellation might have created ahigh overlap of experiences in our study results. It provides real data and information for parents, people and legislatures to see whats going on. When looking only at severe sexual violence independent from level of competition, the prevalence rate was 5.5%; 6.5% for female and 4.4% for male athletes. You cant completely put it behind you until the moral compass of the university falls in place the process becomes more badgering, more so than helpful with the university just dragging their feet., Book said the effects of abuse could last a lifetime., I still, after all of these yearshave gone by, deal with the very real and lasting effects of the sexual abuse that I endured, she said.

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