5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. But the second arc, concerning overseas territories, is regarded as less so. Oregon Territory. % Mexican Cession. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. In a series of cases from 1901 to 1922, known as the Insular Cases , the Supreme Court considered whether the territories were part of the United States as referred to in the Constitution, i.e., it asked whether the Constitution applied to them. See also Christina Duffy Burnett, The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands, American Quarterly 57 (2005): 779803 and Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History (Cambridge, 2013). 1857. A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 28. Acquisition History - U.S. Department of Defense The reason has not just to do with our conception of empire. 1848. In that sense, the overseas colonies are the key to the Greater United States. following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. It comes from 189899, when the United States gutted Spains empire, claiming the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for itself, occupying Cuba, and taking the occasion to annex the non-Spanish lands of Hawaii and American Samoa. Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. Zone in Germany (17,174): figures from October 1946 census reported in The Demography of War: Germany, Population Index 14 (1948): 299; Continental United States (132,481): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: 1975), part I, 8. Examine the map of US acquisitions and annexations. (Oxford, 1989). 13. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. - chapter 20 pre,post,exam Flashcards | Quizlet 1959, Annexation of independent republic; Statehood 1959, Acquired with Hawaii; under the jurisdiction of the For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. JFIF ` ` C 10. United States territorial acquisitions table - Wikipedia A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). 21. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. But, overall, the overseas territories today contain over four million people. stream That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. Municipal annexation is a process by which a municipality expands its boundaries into nearby, usually adjacent, unincorporated areas. You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. 2007-228. 25. jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. 12. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. National Wildlife Refuge, Joint occupation with Britain; The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. 1. Yet, the U.S. census often administered different questionnaires to the colonies than to the mainland, questionnaires with incommensurable racial categories. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. [from old catalog] Created / Published Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. Texas. See also Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U. S. Global Defense Posture, 17832001 (Santa Monica, CA, 2012). Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 In 1947, the Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Marshall Islands became the most recent U.S. territorial acquisitions, as of August 2021. Pdf. But even that familiar story, when viewed through the lens of territoriality, can seem new. Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. ]d*d>&Pd,QMG{\T-8FFSI>rK}bbSh]Z")aqvTI*FI}jO~>(-lL%cd&ct2Pd{>t: 91 R5(LtT+3l1YZzDzL>X2LkR:&.iz>,!9)9s6G&f!))wGc/=-UHwkAx#qhO 2; Rebecca Lemov on Micronesia as a social scientific laboratory in World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men (New York, 2005), ch. In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? 1. 41. It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). Annexation - Wikipedia It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. Zone in Austria (2,650): John D. Hilldring, American Policy in Occupied Areas (Washington, DC: 1947), 24; U.S. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. 16. The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes) Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . But historians have come to understand African-American history as central to U.S. history. At upper left margin: No. And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. <>>> This box map, from the inside cover of the 1910 edition of Allen C. Thomas's textbook, An Elementary History of the United States (first published 1900), shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawai'i, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. But we speak less of another anticolonial revolt that broke out in another part of the world. To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became 41. The Journal of American History has never printed his name. under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. 36. 29,670. Historians have rightly come to understand such sovereignty challenges as important components of U.S. history rather than as foreign episodes that lie outside the purview of the United States. I prefer the term Greater United States, just so as to avoid confusion with Herbert E. Boltons influential notion of the Greater America, intended to encompass all of the Americas within a single analytical frame. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain 8. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. 9; Lauren B. Hirshbergs dissertation about Kwajalein island and neighboring Ebeye, Targeting Kwajalein: U.S. Between 1857 and 1903, the US acquired many new territorial possessions To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. ed. United States territorial acquisitions - Ballotpedia 4. 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980). United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000 Relief shown by hachures. Paul Kramer, in his portrait of the United States as a nation-based empire, presents a significantly modified version of the Williams thesis that is skeptical of the clean formal/informal distinction: Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World, American Historical Review 116, no. In the span of only a few years, the United States had increased its size exponentially with the contentious annexation of Texas in 1845, the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain for half of the Oregon Country; and acquired California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming as a result of the Mexican-American War There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. 2 0 obj 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA, 2002); Katherine T. McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest: The U.S. Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico (New Brunswick, NJ, 2002); Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2004); Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham, NC, 2006); Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006); Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning Elite Political Cultures and the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2008); Julie Greene, The Canal Builders: Making Americas Empire at the Panama Canal (New York, 2009); Jana K. Lipman, Guantnamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution (Berkeley, CA, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy, Policing Americas Empire: The United States, the Philippines and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison, WI, 2009); Anne L. Foster, Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia (Durham, NC, 2010); Lanny Thompson, Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898 (Honolulu, HI, 2010); and Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (Cambridge, 2011).

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