And it gives this general guidance on how to live: People should live so as to maximise good consequences. We will describe some examples of the influence of consequentialism over current medical law. Philosophy Now 2023. FOIA An objective measure of whether something is good or bad, and by how much. 2007;2(1):26. Disclaimer. Among the most prominent approaches to ethics within philosophy is a highly influential position known as consequentialism. Viewed from a consequentialist perspective, one of the primary purposes of an organizational ethics program is to ensure that the organization is not penalized for the actions of its individual employees and to avoid the bad consequences that might result from such actions (e.g., fines, lawsuits, etc). An official website of the United States government. When a service user is speaking to a health care professional it is important for them to listen properly, for example not looking around and yawning, instead make eye contact and ensuring body language looks engaging. For a theory often touted as promoting happiness, this is a problem. This chapter discusses consequentialism. Consequentialism entails that we can be held morally responsible for a lack of action, and whilst the case of the drowning child shows that it is possible to be indirectly responsible by not acting, in cases like Jims it involves going further than can be reasonably expected. Federal Privacy Protections: Ethical Foundations, Sources of Confusion in Clinical Medicine, and Controversies in Biomedical Research, Mary Anderlik Majumder, JD, PhD and Christi J. Guerrini, JD. For consequentialism this is not a problem, as the individual is just a mechanism for maximising overall happiness; they are instrumental. VAD can have numerous negative health effects such as dryness of the eye that can lead to blindness if untreated, reduced immune system response, and an increase in the severity and mortality risk of infections. The pros and cons of utilitarianism show us that there is a time and place where these principles offer a potential benefit to society. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Katy Baker studied Philosophy at the University of Kent and is now part of the Philosophy Now team. Guidance regarding methods for de-identification of protected health information in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule. Something is then considered "wrong" if it creates the opposite reaction. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE); May 3-6, 2015; Halifax, Canada:1199-1202. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Nurses use their moral reasoning based on their beliefs and values when faced with ethical dilemmas. In response to criticism of the unappealing idea that by doing nothing Jim is as responsible for the deaths of the twenty Indians as the captain, the consequentialist can choose to bite the bullet by accepting the idea of negative responsibility; that is, to accept that we can be held morally responsible for not acting. In: Philosophical Foundations of Medical Law. Select Accept to consent or Reject to decline non-essential cookies for this use. Consequentialism is a normative ethical theory, which means, it is a theory about ethical action and a proposed method for deciding how one should choose the right ethical act. Maximizing Consequentialism = moral rightness depends only on which consequences are best (as opposed to satisfactory or an improvement over the status quo). Nurses experiences of ethical dilemmas: A review. Sooner or later, after all diplomatic and political channels are exhausted to reach a solution, they begin to take up arms against the oppressor. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/. What matters is not so much the horrific act in itself but the outcome of that act. But Jim has to actively kill someone unlike the duck feeder for whom the only bad consequences are that he will get wet and muddy. Consequentialism Ethics Consequentialism focus on the outcome or consequence of the actions. One doctor speaking to the Business Insider claimed: "If you had, let's say, an ICU that was overwhelmed, you're probably going to try and give some extra attention to healthcare workers because you need them to deliver care," he said. 104-191, 110 Stat 1936. 5 Health Care Ethics - Critical Issues for the 21st Century; Eileen E. Morrison ; About the . Much of medical law is consequentialist in nature. P2. consequentialism, In ethics, the doctrine that actions should be judged right or wrong on the basis of their consequences. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) of 2008, for example, does not apply to FRT for genetic diagnosis, as FRT does not fit GINAs definition of genetic testing or genetic information.39 The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which protects people with disabilities from discrimination in public life (eg, schools or employment),40 would also likely not apply to FRT used for diagnostic purposes if the conditions diagnosed are currently unexpressed. Human behavior prediction using facial expression analysis. B. Consequentialism- main emphasis is on the outcome or consequence of the action . So by treating the individual as merely a means to an end, consequentialism may turn out to be self-defeating. 2022 Jun;22:100717. doi: 10.1016/j.jemep.2021.100717. government site. health goal (including socioeconomic goals) identified by a legitimate public health authority. If such a public health goal (e .g., herd immunity, protecting the most vulnerable, protecting the capacity of the acute health care system) can be achieved with less co ercive -1- COVID-19 and mandatory vaccination: Ethical considerations and caveats Consequentialism is the theory in moral philosophy that says our actions should aim at producing the best consequences. This chapter outlines core characteristics of Utilitarianism and explores them with regard to their significance in healthcare settings. Accessibility https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. Events and interactive experiences exploring ethics of being human. Int J Environ Res Public Health. The result justifies the means are based on a consequentialism. With a little help from Batman, Hank explains the principle of utility, and the d For more information on consequentialism and utilitarianism follow the links below: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill-moral-political/, https://ethics.org.au/ethics-explainer-consequentialism/, All Content is the property of Keerut Oberai unless stated otherwise or an external link.Made with Squarespace. (Though, most versions of non-consequentialism allow some ethical relevance of consequences). The relatively small, single-site sample may not account for the effects of organisational culture on the results; the findings suggested that professional relationships were key to resolving ethical dilemmas. In particular, it retains a commitment in many jurisdictions to the Sanctity of Life Doctrine, though this is being shed or modified as assisted dying becomes legalised. Designer Babies: Where Should We Draw the Line? Before Privacy and data protections are key to advancing FRT and making it helpful. I intend to show that expecting individuals to take an impersonal standpoint in a decision that so greatly affects them is unrealistic and leads to alienation. The oppressors force is relentless to crush the minority rebellion, and the repressive measures adopted in retaliation is specifically for the purpose of forcing the minority to subjugation under its iron fist and crush the rebellion to render the minority weak in the future. The ethics of clinical innovation in psychopharmacology: challenging traditional bioethics. Careers. Consequentialism From a consequentialist position the question of whether it is wrong to breach confidentiality is determined by the consequences of the breach. Researchers flag up facial recognition racial bias [news]. This structure means that the ends often justify the means when seeking to create a specific result. AWB. US Department of Health and Human Services. FOIA iEthics: An Interprofessional Ethics Curriculum. National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health. The final result was amazing, and I highly recommend www.HelpWriting.net to anyone in the same mindset as me. Rule-consequentialism avoids a number of problems which have caused trouble to act-consequentialists. 497 - 516. Haahr A, Norlyk A, Martinsen B, Dreyer P. Nurs Ethics. PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontology 1. Consequentialism is a type of normative ethical theory which states that the moral quality of an action is completely determined by its consequences, and nothing else. Subsequent actions are mediated though ethical decision-making frames of reference including deontology, consequentialism, the ethics of care and virtue ethics. Privacy and data protection are thought to present challenges for the use of FRT for health applications. Any consequentialist ethical theory has to provide a justification of how we decide which consequences are good or bad. Front Psychol. Like above, what sorts of consequences are morally good and what sorts are morally bad need to be . Our work is only made possible because of you. The strong point of consequentialism is that it provides a clear and easy-to-understand guideline. If Jim accepts, then as a special mark of the occasion, the other Indians will be let off. The legal and ethical concerns that arise from using complex predictive analytics in health care. Deontology: sticking to your obligations and duties, so focusing on intentions rather than the outcomes of actions. Consequentialism is a normative ethics theory whereby the ends justify the means; in other words, the consequence of an action justifies the moral acceptability of an action of the means taken to reach that end. Williams example shows that consequentialism disregards the agents own personal commitments and allows for negative responsibility. As with any clinical innovation, FRT tools should be expected to demonstrate accuracy for specific uses and to demonstrate that overall benefits outweigh risks.26 Detecting and evaluating bias in data and results should also receive close ethical scrutiny.27 In machine learning, the quality of the results reflects the quality of data input to the system28an issue sometimes referred to as garbage in, garbage out. For example, when images used to train software are not drawn from a pool that is sufficiently racially diverse, the system may produce racially biased results.29 If this happens, FRT diagnostics might not work as well for some racial or ethnic groups as others. Also, it is advantageous because there is no guesswork; the physician does not have to predictconsequences because while . Hossain MS, Muhammad G. Cloud-assisted framework for health monitoring. Consequentialism plays a huge role in this scenario as in both cases results of the decision made can be either positive or negative. Because it counted every persons pleasure or pain as the same, regardless of age, wealth, race, etc. Taking an impersonal standpoint leads to alienation; this is the state of someone who has become separated from their commitments to themselves and others. Brostoff G. 3D facial recognition gives healthcare data a new look. Moral distress was also evident in the literature and findings, with moral dissonance recognised and articulated by more experienced nurses. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Aims: March 21, 2017. http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/fdna-launches-app-based-tool-clinicians-using-facial-recognition-ai-and-genetic-big-data. On the one hand, the use of FRT to monitor the safety of dementia patients could be perceived as having benefits that outweigh the burdens of surveillance. Rather than taking into account our own attitudes towards an action, by taking an objective standpoint we are able to remove ourselves from our usual social groups and ideologies which affect the way in which we act and look at a situation, and instead we should act without bias. PART 1 . Daniel Schiff, MS and Jason Borenstein, PhD, Confidentiality/Duty to protect confidential information, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/, http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/fdna-launches-app-based-tool-clinicians-using-facial-recognition-ai-and-genetic-big-data, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/can-your-face-reveal-how-long-youll-live-new-technology-may-provide-the-answer/2014/07/02/640bacb4-f748-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html, https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/, https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app, https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b, https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning, https://undark.org/article/facial-recognition-technology-biased-understudied/, https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-algorithms-reveal-sexual-orientation-or-just-expose-our-stereotypes-d998fafdf477, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/, http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com/2017/10/06/3d-facial-recognition-gives-healthcare-data-a-new-look.aspx, https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/, https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. Background: The consequentialism theory suggests that the correct moral response is related to the . This site uses cookies to recognize users and allow us to analyse site usage. If this is demanded of all moral agents, then general unhappiness is likely to ensue rather than the opposite. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Join us! What Are Important Ethical Implications of Using Facial Recognition Technology in Health Care? Consequentialism in scenario. 2. Chen S, Pan ZX, Zhu HJ, et al. Forbes. Design: Nurses' tension-based ethical decision making in rural acute care settings. By signing up you agree to our privacy policy. We've updated our privacy policy. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Published April 25, 2018. As Peter Railton says: The alienation of some individuals or groups from their milieu may at times be necessary for fundamental social criticism or cultural innovation (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs 1984). Nurs Ethics. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 2019. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Abortion can be categorized as both a legal, and ethical issue. First, as it is the general performance of all people that is collectively coordinated to promote the overall good, rule-consequentialism may distribute a fair share of the burden to all participants in society (Mulgan 2001, p. 54). Stephen ID, Hiew V, Coetzee V, Tiddeman BP, Perrett DI. Cachn-Prez JM, Gonzalez-Villanueva P, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Oliva-Fernandez O, Garcia-Garcia E, Fernandez-Gonzalo JC. An official website of the United States government. Employers might also be interested in using FRT tools to predict mood or behavior as well as to predict longevity, particularly for use in wellness programs to lower employers health care costs. What should he do?Bernard Williams in the book Utilitarianism: For and Against, by J.J.C. Beneficence and non-maleficence to weigh out the benefits and the duty of doing no harm to subsequently consider what is in the patient's best interest. Utilitarians claim that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness and that what is desirable is pleasure and the freedom from pain. Ethical principles and concepts in medicine. 2021 Jul-Aug;42(4):787-791. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.04.020. Instead, Mill believed we should figure out which set of rules would create the most happiness over an extended period of time and then apply those in every situation. While FRT systems in health care can de-identify data, some experts are skeptical that such data can be truly anonymized21; from clinical and ethical perspectives, informing patients about this kind of risk is critical. 2018;12:300. MedCity News. In-depth content analysis of the data was undertaken via NVivo coding and thematic identification. Mack H. FDNA launches app-based tool for clinicians using facial recognition, AI and genetic big data to improve rare disease diagnosis and treatment. The consequence of consequentialism is that by taking an impersonal standpoint we alienate ourselves and whilst the consequentialist can argue that this should be a virtue, the expected result of unhappiness shows its inadequacy for this is a high price to pay for a view that values happiness. . In practice this a very difficult thing to do to step outside of the values we have been brought up with and the state of being alienated itself often causes unhappiness within the individual. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. FRT in health care also raises ethical questions about privacy and data protection, potential bias in the data or analysis, and potential negative implications for the therapeutic alliance in patient-clinician relationships. Utilitarianism in this instance appears to give the morally incorrect answer. We should note that Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act. Molteni M. Thanks to AI, computers can now see your health problems. Patient privacy. Now, if the foreign power does intervene on the basis of humanitarian concerns to liberate the minority from the reign of terror that subjects to such misery and death, war becomes a necessary and moral objective on part of the foreign power to liberate the minority people. Informed consent. 2020 Feb;27(1):258-272. doi: 10.1177/0969733019832941. and transmitted securely. There is important reason for the root word. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Williams furthers this explanation; making the best of a bad job is one of its maxims, and it will have something to say even on the difference between massacring seven million, and massacring seven million and one (Consequentialism and its Critics, 1988). When deciding on questions of what is ethically right or wrong utilitarians want to maximise the overall amount of happiness or welfare. But as previously stated, war and the strife and chaos that comes with it are undesirable; however, in this particular circumstance something that may be bad as war can be said to be a for a good cause. Bina RW, Langevin JP. This site needs JavaScript to work properly.

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